[1] 0 3 1 0 1 5 1 4 0 1 2 10 0 2 0 3 4 0 3 1 2 1 0 5 1
[26] 0 7 6 10 4 0 1 2 4 0 0 3 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 4
[51] 4 0 0 3 0 4 3 1 1 0 4 8 0 0 11 5 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
[76] 1 1 3 4 1 3 3 2 1 5 1 7 0 0 2 0 2 6 1 0 2 1 4 0 2
[101] 1 0 3 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 2 5 0 4 1 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 7 2 7
[126] 3 0 0 6 0 2 2 0 0 6 0 0 0 5 1 17 2 9 1 1 2 0 2 1 1
[151] 13 0 0 2 1 14 0 1 8 0 1 0 0 9 1 0 6 5 1 0 4 2 0 0 3
[176] 3 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 5 2 0 5 4 2 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 1
[201] 0 4 18 3 0 1 1 0 1 0 7 17 2 0 2 0 3 2 0 1 1 0 0 9 0
[226] 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 1 2 6 0 0 1 0 1 2 4 0 1 0 7 0
[251] 3 1 0 1 3 20 0 2 4 2 0 0 3 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 8 14 2 7 0
[276] 0 0 3 0 2 5 4 5 0 0 2 5 0 2 0 3 0 0 10 1 1 3 9 1 0
[301] 6 1 0 2 2 2 0 0 7 6 2 8 2 0 5 13 1 1 2 0 1 0 4 3 0
[326] 0 0 1 1 3 1 1 0 3 0 0 7 12 0 0 2 1 6 6 1 0 0 10 1 0
[351] 4 0 5 5 1 1 0 6 5 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 4 2 2 0 3 0 3 5 5
[376] 4 0 0 17 6 0 0 0 5 5 0 13 0 2 1 0 3 11 1 0 2 2 1 0 0
[401] 1 1 5 2 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 2 1 4 0 0 3 1 3 3 0 0 0 2 0
[426] 1 3 5 7 5 0 0 0 11 5 0 3 1 2 0 1 1 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 3
[451] 0 6 2 0 3 5 1 0 0 4 0 7 1 2 1 3 1 3 0 2 4 0 1 2 0
[476] 3 5 5 1 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 13 6 0 0 0 2 0 5
[501] 2 1 5 1 1 2 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 4 1 2 0 0 5 0 30 1
[526] 2 2 4 2 0 0 7 0 2 2 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 6 5 1 2 0
[551] 1 0 6 0 0 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 3 3 1 2 10 5 0 3 5
[576] 4 1 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 2 0 8 4 15 1 13 2 1 3 4 1 0 2 0
[601] 8 3 3 0 4 0 0 0 1 1 5 0 1 9 0 0 2 1 1 3 0 3 0 1 4
[626] 2 0 0 1 4 7 3 2 13 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 13 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1
[651] 0 1 1 2 1 4 0 4 0 0 3 1 7 4 4 0 2 0 3 3 2 1 0 4 0
[676] 9 9 2 0 3 2 0 11 1 0 7 0 0 0 3 18 3 1 0 1 2 2 1 3 0
[701] 5 1 6 2 2 1 6 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 3 3 12 5 0 0 8 1 4 1
[726] 0 6 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 1 2 1 0 3 0 3 0 1
[751] 10 2 2 3 0 0 1 3 0 2 8 5 0 0 2 3 4 1 3 0 0 0 3 3 0
[776] 6 0 0 1 14 4 3 2 2 0 0 8 3 32 3 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 2 9 0
[801] 2 1 3 0 0 2 5 2 0 0 3 5 0 3 1 0 6 0 3 3 0 0 2 3 0
Final Report Essentials
Index Variables
Simple Additive Index
- Measured on the same scale
- Share direction
Adding numberical measures
Count of times a respondent…
q13_4_1: Contacted gov’t officialq13_6_1: Contacted a student representativeq13_7_1: Contacted an NGO
Do they ‘hang together’?
[1] 0.4910388
Visualizing the result
Thinking about weights
Stretching the concept…
What if we wanted to add the count of times a respondent…
q13_5_1: Signed a petition
[1] 0.6121334
Adding likert measures
q16_1: Intention to join religious groupq16_2: Intention to join ethnic interest groupq16_3: Intention to join political partyq16_4: Intention to join voluntary org
Averaged Z-Scores
- \(Z = (X - \mu) / \sigma\)
- \(z_i = \frac{X_i - \bar{X}}{s}\)
- Standardized: Mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1
Interaction Terms
Differences across groups
Binary
Year I Year II Year III
327 277 221
0 1
327 221
| Multivariate | Interaction | |
|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | −0.14** (0.05) | −0.18** (0.06) |
| moved | 0.27*** (0.06) | 0.33*** (0.07) |
| year | −0.05 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.09) |
| moved × year | −0.14 (0.11) | |
| Num.Obs. | 534 | 534 |
| R2 Adj. | 0.045 | 0.046 |
Continuous-ish
0 1 2
327 277 221
| Bivariate | Multivariate | Interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | −0.150*** (0.036) | −0.121** (0.045) | −0.169** (0.056) |
| moved | 0.234*** (0.045) | 0.228*** (0.045) | 0.301*** (0.067) |
| year | −0.029 (0.027) | 0.019 (0.042) | |
| moved × year | −0.080 (0.054) | ||
| Num.Obs. | 809 | 809 | 809 |
| R2 Adj. | 0.032 | 0.032 | 0.033 |
More complex
0 1 2
327 277 221
| Bivariate | Multivariate | Interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | −0.150*** (0.036) | −0.114* (0.046) | −0.184** (0.060) |
| moved | 0.234*** (0.045) | 0.232*** (0.045) | 0.334*** (0.072) |
| year2 | −0.060 (0.049) | 0.077 (0.092) | |
| year3 | −0.053 (0.054) | 0.038 (0.085) | |
| moved × year2 | −0.194+ (0.109) | ||
| moved × year3 | −0.142 (0.110) | ||
| Num.Obs. | 809 | 809 | 809 |
| R2 Adj. | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.033 |
Differences over time
Cross-Sectional
| Bivariate | Multivariate | Interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | −0.179*** (0.023) | −0.165*** (0.027) | −0.150*** (0.033) |
| moved | 0.257*** (0.029) | 0.257*** (0.029) | 0.234*** (0.041) |
| time | −0.027 (0.027) | −0.058 (0.047) | |
| moved × time | 0.046 (0.057) | ||
| Num.Obs. | 1625 | 1625 | 1625 |
| R2 Adj. | 0.047 | 0.047 | 0.047 |
Fixed Effects
| Simple | Fixed Effects | Interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 0.005 (0.020) | −0.319** (0.115) | −0.294* (0.115) |
| time | −0.027 (0.028) | −0.028*** (0.008) | −0.059*** (0.014) |
| moved | −0.033 (0.162) | ||
| moved × time | 0.047** (0.017) | ||
| Num.Obs. | 1625 | 1625 | 1625 |
| R2 Adj. | 0.000 | 0.916 | 0.917 |